Transactions

Transactions

Of The

San Diego Society of Natural History

Volume VI, No. 1, pp1-40

An Annotated List of the Butterflies of San Diego County, California

By William S Wright

Curator of Insects, San Diego Society of Natural History

San Diego, California

Printed for the Society

February 28, 1930

Committee on Publication- U.S. Grant, IV, Chairman

Fred Baker

Clinton G. Abbott, Editor

Introduction

To produce a complete list of all insects that occur in any large circumscribed area is practically an impossibility. Even an accurate record of all butterflies to be found in so extensive and varied a territory

As San Diego County entails a vast amount of field work at every season of the year, supplemented by ample technical facilities and knowledge. The writer therefore makes no claim of infallibility for the

Present paper, and presents it merely as the sum of his accumulated data and experience at the present time.

The future will doubtless bring about changes and additions, especially when more intensive collecting is done in the eastern and northern parts of the County.

In 1908, the writer published a list (1) containing eighty species and forms. Since that time further collections have been made covering more territory within the County, records have been checked and rumors followed with great care in an effort to render the list as nearly complete as possible The present list contains the names of 148 species, races, forms, and aberrations, several of which have been described since the last list was given to the press, and one of which--Kelsey’s Blue—is here given first publication. Most of the butterflies named are represented in the collections of the San Diego Society of Natural History

The others may be found in the collections of local entomologists. Accurate checking has thus been possible.

This paper has been in preparation for the last three years, and the author wishes to express his gratitude to the several people who have helped. Among those to whom especial acknowledgment is due is Dr. John Adams Comstock of Los Angeles, whose excellent new book on the butterflies of California (2) has been the source not only of the English names used, but also of certain statements relative to habits and distribution. The sequence and nomenclature of Dr. Comstock’s book have been adopted for the present paper instead of those of Drs. Barnes’ and Benjamin’s "Lists" (3) in order to aid amateur collectors who may wish to use this as a check list for local material in combination with "Butterflies of California." To J.D. Gunder of Pasadena the author is also indebted for material assistance in securing specimens and data regarding a number of species and forms here given.

Dr. Comstock was kind enough to read the manuscript of this list and the writer’s thanks are hereby tendered him for his kindly and valuable criticism. The writer also desires to express his appreciation of the assistance of George H. Field of San Diego, his companion and co-worker in the field. Mr. Field’s knowledge of San Diego County and his ability as a collector have been of great value as well as a source of inspiration. Others, whose names occur in the text, have aided in no small way by giving information about species and locations that were unknown to the writer.

It will be noted that no reference is made to the made to the "life zones" of any of the butterflies in the list, as is so often done in the consideration of plants, birds, and mammals. As yet no serious attempt has been made to zone San Diego County entomologically. This is a work that would require a vast amount of research and its completion may not be expected for many years.

Wright, W.S., Annotated List of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of San Diego County, California, based on collections during 1906 and 1907; Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Vol XVI, No 3, pp 153-167, September, 1908.
Comstock, John Adams, Butterflies of California, Los Angeles, California, 1927
Barnes, Wm, and Benjamin, F.H., List of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of Boreal America, North of Mexico: Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences, Vol XXV, Part 1, January, 1926

Butterflies of San Diego County, California

Superfamily PAPILIONOIDEA

Family PAPILIONOIDEA

Papilio zelicon Lucas

Anise Swallowtail

This is the commonest Swallowtail throughout San Diego County. The larvae are abundant on anise weed and are easily bred, as they will feed on leaves of parsley or carrots if anise is not handy. The insect has been observed feeding on citrus fruit leaves, hence it may be of economic importance.

Papilio indra pergamus Henry Edwards

Edward’s Swallowtail

Pergamus is said to be confined to the mountains of southern California. In San Diego County it flies from April to July. Though not at all common it may sometimes be found at high elevations in fairly good numbers, usually in company with other Swallowtails. Examples have been taken in Pine Valley at above 4,000 feet elevation, on San Miguel Mountain, on the Laguna Mountains and at Kentwood-in-the-Pines, near Julian.

Papilio rutulus Lucas

Western Tiger Swallowtail

Rutulus occurs abundantly throughout the County, as it does throughout the entire western states region. Its lazy flight makes it rather easy of capture and it is present at all seasons and at all elevations. The larvae feed on willow and alder.

Papilio multicaudata Kirby

Daunus Swallowtail

George H. Field, a veteran collector, reports having observed an example of this species in flight in the vicinity of Lake Hodges. The fact that there was three tails on the secondaries made identification easy. May to August is the season of flight.

Papilio eurymedon Lucas

Pale Swallowtail

From early spring to late September eurymedon may be found in some part of the County. Usually it maintains a residence in the upland meadows and about the tops of high hills or mountains, but occasionally descends to the low lands near sea level. The larvae feed on California coffee bush (Rhamnus californica)

Family PIERIDAE

Pieris beckerii Edwards

Becker’s White

Examples of beckerii are rare in the County, but the species has been taken in the semi-desert area on the eastern edge of the County. The similarity in maculation between this species and protodice makes positive identification rather difficult for any but experienced collectors. The larvae food plants is usually some member of the mustard family.

Pieris sisymbrii Boisduval

California White

Sisymbrii has been rarely taken in the Laguna Mountains and at Jacumba. Captures are usually made in the late spring or early summer months. The larvae feed on members of the mustard family.

8. Pieris protodice Boisduval & Leconte

Common White

With the possible exception of P. rapae, P. protodice is the most common White in the entire United States. It is found in abundance everywhere in this County from sea level to mountain top, and occurs during every month from February to November. Persons, unfamiliar with the species may be pardoned for calling it P.beckerii, which it resembles rather closely. However, the clouding on the underside of the secondaries will serve as a means of distinguishing it. As in the case of its allied species, the larval food plant belongs to the mustard family (Cruciferae).

Pieris protodice vernalis Edwards

Vernal White

This is simply the early spring form of protodice. It is lighter in color above, smaller in size and usually more distinctly veined below on the secondaries. Rather common in the canyons about the

City of San Diego.

Pieris rapae Linnaeus

Cabbage White

There is probably no more wide spread insect pest in America than this butterfly. The larval food is preferably members of the cabbage family of plants and the annual loss to truck gardeners caused by this insect amounts to many millions of dollars. In this County there has been a marked increase in its occurrence during the last twenty years and it bids fair to become a rather serious pest locally. Rapae is of European origin, having become established in the Province of Quebec, Canada, about seventy-five years ago, whence it has spread throughout the length and breadth of North America.

The name rapae, according to Dr. J.A. Comstock, is applicable only to the lightly marked spring brood, while the later members of the species are designated under the next name.

Pieris rapae yreka Reakirt

Yreka Cabbage White

This form of rapae is abundant in midsummer and autumn anywhere in the County.

Nathalis iole Boisduval

Dwarf Yellow

Although this species has been reported as a "foothill and lowland species," in San Diego County it is more plentiful at higher elevations. The insect is rather rare near the coast. In the month of June, 1926, I was able to secure a large series without any trouble in the Laguna Mountains at an elevation of 6,000 feet. The larval food plant in California is the downy bur marigold (Bidens pilosa).

Anthocharis lanceolata australis Grinnell

Grinnell’s Marble

A comparatively rare form and this record-Jacumba, San Diego County, California-extends far outside the previously known range. Formerly reported only from the Southern Sierras.

Anthocharis cethura Felder and Felder

Felder’s Orange-tip

This form has been rare in San Diego County for a number of years, but fifteen years ago its’ occurrence was rather common during early spring in the region near the coast. Dr. Comstock records it as a desert or semi-desert form, hence one should look for it on the eastern edge of the County. February to April is the best time.

Anthocharis cethura deserti W.G. Wright

Desert Orange-tip

A single specimen of this rare form was taken several years ago by George H. Field on Pt. Loma. It may turn up at almost any time along the eastern or desert edge of the County.

Anthocharis sara Boisduval

Sara Orange-tip

In this County sara is found only near the coast and is considered a rare catch. The only records I have are from near Pacific Beach.

Anthocharis sara stella Edwards

Stellar Orange-tip

The same comment applies to this form as to the preceding. It is a dimorphic female about the same size as sara, but having a yellow suffusion above that varies somewhat in intensity. My specimens were captured near the coast in spring.

Anthocharis sara reakirtii Edwards

Reakirt’s Orange-tip

This is one of the earliest of our common butterflies and, in its season, very abundant in canyons about the City and in the foothills back from the coast. April and May are the best months in which to hunt for it.

Anthocharis sara reakirtii ab. Wrighti J.A. Comstock

Wright’s Aberrant Orange-tip

Only one example of this beautiful butterfly has ever been recorded. The type is in the collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History.

Catopsilia eubule sennae Linnaeus

Senna Sulphur

Although this form of Cloudless Sulphur is suppose to be found only in the low altitudes near the coast, it is of record in my collection from the Cuyapipe Canyon, Laguna Mountains, elevation about 5000 ft. This capture was made in June, 1926.

Catopsilia eubule senna form pallida Cockerell

Pallid Sulphur

This form is an albinic female and is rather rare. The yellow tends to become white and, in extreme cases, disappears entirely. Several examples have been taken in San Diego County.

Zerene eurydice Boisduval

California Dog-face

A rare insect in the immediate vicinity of San Diego, but is occasionally found in Mission Valley, where its larval food plant, false indigo (Amorpha californica), grows. At El Monte, and in well watered canyons in the mountains, it flies in abundance during April and May. A second brood makes its appearance in July, and it may be taken occasionally as late as November.

Zerene eurydice bernardino Edwards

Margined Dog-face

In this form the secondaries of the male bear a black margin of greater or lesser extent. The females are the same as in the preceding species. Both forms are found in the same association here, and a long series will show intergrades from one extreme to the other.

Zerene eurydice amorphae Henry Edwards

Clouded Dog-face

A rare female form with markings that suggest the female of the Southern Dog-Face. The amount of dark varies greatly in different individuals. I have one example taken in Mission Valley several years ago.

Zerene caesonia Stoll

Southern Dog-face

Only one specimen of this species is known by the writer to have been taken in the County. This was captured near Mountain Springs in July, 1906

Eurymus eurytheme Boisduval

Boisduval’s Sulphur

Scarcely a month in the year goes by but that some form of eurytheme may be found. Those occurring in early spring are said to be typical. They are usually smaller than the later forms and have but little of the characteristic orange suffusion in the disk of the primaries. Because of the larval habit of attacking alfalfa, it has been called the Alfalfa Butterfly in some sections of the country.

Eurymus eurytheme ab. Alba Strecker

Boisduval’s Pale Sulphur

This white female form occurs constantly with all the forms of eurytheme. White takes the place of the yellow ground color, but in all other respects it is like the typical species.

Eurymus eurytheme amphidusa Boisduval

Flavid Sulphur

Amphidusa is the summer form of eurytheme and is much more abundant than typical eurytheme. The larvae attack alfalfa and clovers to such a degree that as one writer suggest, "each of these yellow beauties represents just so much butter that has taken wing from the profits of the farmer."

Eurymus harfordii Henry Edwards

Harford’s Sulphur

Harfordii is often found associated with eurytheme in the foothills and mountain regions. It is rarely taken at coast elevations. The clear yellow of the wings and entire lack of orange suffusion, together with the contrasty black borders, serve admirably to separate the species from other Sulphurs of this locality.

Eurema mexicana Boisduval

Mexico Yellow

Only a few captures of this species have been recorded for San Diego County. It is, however, fairly common on the desertward slopes of the mountains.

Eurema nicippe Cramer

Nicippe Yellow

Wherever cassia grows, Nicippe Yellow is of more or less common occurrence. Very abundant in Balboa Park during late August and early September.

Family DANAIDAE

Danaus menippe Hubner

Monarch

The Monarch is probably the best known butterfly in the United States and is common throughout the County from early spring to late fall. Wherever Milkweed grows, there the Monarch may be found. It has been known to indulge in the habit of assembling in great numbers in the fall in this region on Several occasions. In 1923 a great migratory swarm settled on the eucalyptus trees in Mission Valley not far from Old Town and was visited by numbers of people. About the time another flight settled in a row of eucalyptus and cypress trees near Camp Hearn at Imperial Beach. Similar flights have been reported from Carlsbad and Del Mar. This is an interesting phenomenon and well worth observation and study. The species is better known under its former names of Anosia plexippus or Danaus archippus.

Danaus menippe ab. Fumosus Hulst

Smoky Monarch

This is simply an aberration of the Monarch and is rather rare. I have one or two specimens taken in this County. In fumosus the rich red-brown of typical Monarch is replaced by gray-brown, and in my examples the yellow or buff spots at the apex of the primaries have a tendency to become white.

Danaus berenice strigosa Bates

Striated Queen

Although strigosa is reported as rare in California, it is quite common in this County. The food plant is milkweed and its occurrence at various times from early spring to late autumn would indicate a number of broods. When flowers are most bountiful in the canyons, strigosa is fairly common and later it frequents gardens. Lantana, when in bloom, is very attractive to both the Monarch and the Queen.

Family SATYRIDAE

Coenonympha california Westwood & Hewitson

California Ringlet

Grassly hills and sunny slopes are the favorite trysting places for hundreds of delicate little Ringlets. A habit of flying low and darkening of colors beneath serve to prevent it from becoming conspicuous at any time. The collector may find it as early as February, and, in favored localities, as late as September. It is most abundant in April and May. I have never collected california anywhere but in the area between the coast and the foothills.

Coenonympha california galactinus Boisduval

Boisduval Ringlet

This form is characterized by the "creamy-yellow on the superior surface of the wings and brownish-yellow shadings on the under side." The number of eye-spots on the secondaries varies greatly and an occasional specimen will be found with the apical eye on the primaries twinned. Not at all common and never early. Associated with typical california in the late summer.

Cercyonis silvestris Edwards

Sylvan Satyr

During July and August this is a rather common butterfly on brushy hillsides in foothills and mountains of this County. It has been taken in some numbers in canyons just east of the city of San Diego. The insect is rather difficult to capture because of its habit of flying close to the ground in brushy places. It is an interesting capture at any time and well worth the effort necessary, even when attended by torn net and scratched hands.

Family NYMPHALIDAE

Subfamily HELICONIINAE

Dione vanillae Linnaeus

Gulf Fritillary

Everyone who raises the passion vine is well acquainted with this silver-spangled beauty. It is very common about San Diego City from early spring to late summer, pursuing its devastating way with unerring certainty, and to the sorrow of the gardener. The caterpillars are voracious eaters and in short time will practically defoliate the plant attacked; and when the natural food gives out they have been known to turn cannibal and eat each other. This especially true of specimens confined for purposes of study.

Subfamily NYMPHALINAE

Euptoita claudia Cramer

Variegated Fritillary

There seems to be no good reason why this Fritillary should not be common here, but so far as I know, only one example has ever been taken in the County. It was brought to me alive by a school boy who found it freshly emerged in his garden. The larva is said to feed on garden pansies.

Argynnis semiramis Edwards

Semiramis’ Fritillary

From the middle of June to the middle of July this is the most common Fritillary in the mountain regions. It is very easy to capture, being slow of flight and fond of the low growing composite flowers that bloom in such profusion at that time.

Argynnis callippe Boisduval

Callippe Fritllary

In late May, during favorable years, callippe may be found in wide canyons with glassy slopes near the coast. In the mountains it is associated sparingly with semiramis in June and very likely well into July. The food plant is violet and wherever callippe is found the dried-up leaves of the violet nestle close to the ground. The eggs are deposited near, with the knowledge that the young caterpillars will find the luscious fresh leaves in the spring. In June, 1926, the writer took callippe on the very top of Laguna Mountains and again (in 1927) Fred Thorn took it as the same place. These facts would seem to contradict the statements of Dr. Comstock in his "Butterflies of California," where he says that this is a butterfly of the lowlands and foothills.

Euphydryas chalcedona Doubleday & Hewitson

Chalcedon Checker-spot

This beautiful Checker-spot flies during May and June. Occasional examples are found near the coast, but it is quite common among the foothills and mountains. A great many variations are to be found, many of which have been given names. Any large collections is very likely to contain examples of one or more aberrations or forms.

Euphydryas chalcedona quino Behr

Behr’s Checker-spot

The genus Euphydryas is a rather difficult one to work with and the species chalcedona is one of its most plastic members. The name quino was applied first to specimens found in this general region. In 1906 the type was lost and since then there has been much searching and a great deal of discussion relative to the status of quino. We have been following the nomenclature of Barnes’ and Benjamin’s "List" and have regarded quino as abundant in this County. Recently J.D. Gunder has made a study of the genus and his active collecting has finally located the race under discussion on the edge of the desert in this County and northward as far as Palm Springs. Specimens have been taken at Jacumba and at La Puerta, the former by Mr. Gunder and at the latter place by George H. Field. Dr. J.A. Comstock tells me he has taken it in canyons leading into Borrego Valley in this and Riverside Counties. Early spring, about March, is the proper time to look for them.

Euphydryas editha Boisduval

Editha Checker-spot

The late Dr. Rivers and Dr. Henry Skinner both identified San Diego examples of this species as editha. About twenty years ago. Fordyce Grinnell redescribed quino (Behr’s type having been lost) from specimens taken in San Diego, since which time the species has stood under the name. It is a very early flier-in some seasons as early as February, and frequents grassy slopes and hill tops near the ocean, where it is very abundant and easy to capture. The collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History contains a number of examples taken in September, which would indicate the possibility of two broods yearly.

Euphydryas editha fieldi Gunder

Field’s Aberrant Checker-spot

This is a transition form of which, so far as known, only one specimen, the type, has ever been taken. The capture was made by George H. Field in San Diego during the month of April.

Euphydryas editha wrighti Gunder

Southern Checker-spot

The type locality of this Checker-spot is in the southeastern part of San Diego City where it was collected by George H. Field in considerable numbers. It is considered by Mr. Gunders a perfectly good race of editha, differentiated from the typical species by certain color differences and the uniformly smaller size. The race is not easily recognized and a person will be obliged to make close comparisons with specimens taken in other localities to be sure. Mr Gunder is of the opinion that this locality is the extreme northern edge of its range and that more collecting, in locations farther south, will show smaller examples and more evident color variations.

Melitaea gabbi Behr

Gabb’s Checker-spot

During March, April, and May gabbi may be found in every canyon from the ocean to mountain. It is usually very abundant and easy to capture.

Melitaea chara Edwards

Chara Checker-spot

Reported by Dr. Comstock from the Borrego Valley region. The home of this little gem is the desert region of southern and southeastern California. It is occurs in two broods, the first in March and April, the second in October. "Only in rare seasons of unusual rainfall is it to be found in any numbers."

Melitaea leanira wrightii Edwards

Wright’s Checker-spot

This race is rather rare in San Diego County, although every season yields a small species to some fortunate collector. Examples have been taken at Torrey Pines, along the hills bordering Mission Valley, in the Laguna Mountains and at many other places; but it is never found in large numbers.

Phyciodes phaon Edwards

Phaon Crescent

We follow Dr. J.A. Comstock in using the name phaon, and would also here correct his slip in reference to publications. The species was published as tharos and marcia by W.G. Wright (not W.S. Wright) in his "Butterflies of the West Coast." Phaon has made its appearance in San Diego County only within the last few years. It may be taken almost anywhere in the County from sea level to mountain top. Midsummer is the time of its flight.

Phyciodes mylitta Edwards

Mylitta Crescent

The only record I have for mylitta in this County is a small series taken at Bailey’s, Palomar Mountain, July 17, 1927. It was quite common there in a small meadow, and industrious collecting would probably have resulted in a much larger series. The individuals are slightly smaller than northern and eastern specimens.

Chlosyne lacinia crocale Edwards

Crocale Patch

Not common in this region, but has been recorded from La Puerta and Vallecitos, in the Colorado desert, as of July occurrence.

Chlosyne californica W.G. Wright

California Patch

March and April, September and October are the months when this beauty may be looked for. According to Dr. J.A. Comstock the species is a rarity and very local in its distribution. The San Diego Society of Natural History has a record for July at Mountain Springs and others are known from the Narrows, an opening into the desert near La Puerta.

Polygonia satyrus Edwards

Satyr

The Satyr occurs rather sparingly in willow thickets near the coast and in shady places near running water in the mountains. Midsummer hikers may run across one almost any time.

Polygonia satyrus marsyas Edwards

Marsyas Angle-wing

This form is often found in the same locality as the preceding species of which some of our leading lepidopterists believe it to be simply a seasonal variety. Breeding has been suggested as a means of defiantly fixing its status.

56. Polygonia zephyrus Edwards

Zephyr

A record for this species occurs in the collection of George H. Field, giving Descanso as the locality and July 1^st as the date of capture.

Aglais californica Boisduval

California Tortoise-shell

The California Tortoise-shell is one of the earliest fliers in the mountain regions. My own records are from the vicinity of Henshaw Dam, in March. It is said that in favorable localities the larvae sometimes are so numerous as to completely to defoliate the food plant-Ceanothus. When this occurs the adults are likely to swarm and obey as instinct to migrate, usually in a northerly direction. A flight of this kind is recorded from the Lake Tahoe region that continued of many thousands of individuals.

Aglais antiopa Linnaeus

Mourning Cloak

A very common butterfly in all parts of the Temperate Zone. It flies nearly all the year round in San Diego, breeds on willow and other related plants and is very easy to rear. Two forms are illustrated by Dr. Comstock which are likely to be found here. One is described as having an extraordinarily wide border, the other as having no blue spots in the border.

59. Vanessa atalanta Linnaeus

Alderman

This butterfly is better known as the Red Admiral, but the true Admiral butterflies belong to another genus, so Dr. Comstock has chosen to label it the Alderman, a name applied in England, probably referring to the colorful costumes worn by the old time Aldermen of London. In this County it may be found from tide-water to mountain top although not very common. The food plant is commonly nettles, but the larvae will feed on hop and other allied plants.

60. Vaneesa virginiensis Drury

Virginia Lady

This is widely distributed member of the Painted Lady group. Holland calls it Hunter’s Painted Lady and list it as V. Huntera. About San Diego the larvae feed on "everlasting" (Gnaphalium), and the adults like to fly about barren hill tops where they have a habit of choosing a bare spot which they guard, giving chase to everything that approaches. Midsummer is the best time to look for them

61. Vanessa Cardui Linnaeus

Painted Lady

It is said that Cardui is the most universally distributed butterfly in the world. Wherever thistles grow it may be found in some one or more of its numerous forms or races. While thistles seems to be the favorite larval food, many other plants are eaten with relish. There are seasons also when this butterfly appears in great swarms or flights, sometimes called "migratory flights". Two such flights have been observed in San Diego recently. During the spring of 1924 great numbers were observed coming from the southwest and flying in a general northerly direction. In 1925 the flight was repeated, but this time in greater numbers. It is not known what causes these flights, where the insects come from or where they go.

Vanessa carye Hubner

West Coast Lady

While cardui is practically universal in its occurrence, carye is confined to the west coast of the Americas from Vancouver to Patagonia. It is of much the same appearance as cardui, except that it is smaller and the apex of the fore wings is straight, not rounded. The larval food plant is usually some form of mallow (Malva).

Vanessa carye ab. letcheri Grinnell

Letcher’s Butterfly

Of the several aberrations of carye this seems to be the most common. It is likely to be found at any time and in any place where the typical insect is found. My own experience seems to point to late summer as the best season and lantana and the white marguerite daisy as the plants most likely to be frequented by them.

Junonia coena Hubner

Buckeye

Dr. Comstock, in "Butterflies of California," tells us that "The Buckeye is one of the most strikingly marked butterflies of North America, on account of the eye-spots." At any rate, once seen, the impression left is a lasting one. The beautiful rich brown of the background, the large "eyes" and the pugnacious habit of the butterfly command instant attention. In this County it may taken at all elevations from sea level to mountain top (6500 ft.) and from early spring to late summer.

Basilarchia lorquini Boisduval

Lorquin’s Admiral

While lorquini is most often found along river bottoms and about moist areas, it is frequently found in the dry canyons adjacent to such locations, if willow grows there. Individuals often select a bright sunny, open spot, bordered by willows, which they seem to guard, and will dart viciously at any insect, bird, or even human that dares to enter the area.

Heterochroa bredowii californica Butler

California Sister

The California Sister has been known in southern California as the Oaktree Butterfly, having been given this name rather locally because of its habit of frequenting the live oaks and because the larvae feed thereon. It is a beautiful insect, rarely found in company with others of it’s kind, and too often entirely out of reach of the collector’s net. However, during early forenoon or late afternoon, individuals descend to damp ground for a sip of water, when the careful collector may be rewarded with little effort.

Family RIODINIDAE

Apodemia mormo Felder & Felder

Mormon Metal-mark

The home of this butterfly is said to be the "desert regions to the south and east of Los Angeles County, on the Mojave Plateau, in the Owen’s Valley and the Mono Basin." We have to record it from La Puerta, San Diego County, on the eastern edge of the County, in semi-desert area.

Apodemia mormo virgulti Behr

Behr’s Metal-mark

Virgulti is a very interesting butterfly, common from sea level to mountain top in San Diego County. It might well be called the Darting Shadow, as its habit of flight during the heat of the day makes it look like a shadow and it is almost as elusive.

Apodemia palmerii marginalis Skinner

Margined Metal-mark

We are told that marginalis is limited to Imperial Valley and contiguous desert areas. We record it from La Puerta Valley on the eastern edge of San Diego County in abundance during July.

Calephelis nemesis Edwards

Dusky Metal-mark

We refer to Dr. Comstock as authority for the occurrence of nemesis only in desert or semi-desert regions. It occurs in abundance at San Diego along the San Diego River and in all canyons leading to it near the coast. The larval food plant is said to be Bebbia juncea.

Calephelis nemesis australis Edwards

Southern Metal-mark

The habitat of this race is given as the same region as the typical species. We record it from La Puerta on the western edge of the Colorado desert, where it occurs commonly in July.

Family LYCAENIDAE

Subfamily THECLINAE

Habrodais grunus Boisduval

Boisduval’s Hair-streak

A rather somber-colored butterfly frequenting oak bushed in the live oak district. At times there are veritable swarms of them. The writer has seen them at Cuyamaca Lake in immense numbers, fluttering about the low live oak bushes.

Atlides halesus Cramer

Great Purple Hair-streak

We have records of this beauty from the vicinity of Jacumba and in the Laguna Mountains. It is said to be plentiful on the edge of the desert about water-holes. At best it is never abundant in this locality.

Strymon columella Fabricius

Columella Hair-streak

Only a few examples of this modest little Hair-streak have ever been taken here. It is considered a rare catch.

Strymon leda Edwards

Leda Hair-streak

The writer has taken this beauty in the summer and in the fall. A fine series from the Laguna Mountains taken in August and at least one specimen in the City of San Diego (Mahogany Canyon) in October. It is never abundant.

Strymon leda ines Edwards

Ines Hair-streak

Our records for ines in this County are confined to the vicinity of Jacumba in July, 1906. A small series was taken at that time and place about the cat’s claw trees (Acacia greggii).

Strymon melinus Hubner

Common Hair-streak

Everywhere a common insect. We have examples taken at all elevations within the County and at all seasons.

Strymon californica Edwards

California Hair-streak

A very common butterfly in the foothills and mountains from June to August. We have found it most common about the flowers of milkweed. It is easily taken and easily recognized.

Strymon sylvinus Boisduval

Sylvan Hair-streak

The Sylvan Hair-streak will be found most commonly in association with willows along watercourses or in adjacent canyons. It is often called dryope when compared with illustrations in "Butterflies of the West Coast," but it has been observed that dryope occurs only in central and northern California.

Strymon auretorium spadix Henry Edwards

Nut-brown Hair-streak

A large series of this interesting and comparatively rare species fell to my net at Cuyamaca Lake some years ago. It is said to be found only on rare occasions and at widely separated places. June and July may produce them for the conscientious collector.

Strymon adenostomatis Henry Edwards

Gray Hair-streak

This might well be called the Chaparral Hair-streak, since its principal place of adobe is the so-called Elfin Forest. Very common everywhere in San Diego County.

82. Strymon saepium chlorophora Watson & W.P. Comstock

Purplish-brown Hair-streak

This species is found in association with the previous species and is very common throughout our district from tide-water to mountain top during June and July. Almost any patch of dodder, if in bloom, will yield them in abundance.

Mitoura spinetorum cuyamaca W.S. Wright

Cuyamaca Hair-streak

While Barnes and Benjamin have reduce this form to synonymy we are still of the opinion that it is a good race, since it is the only race taken in this region. Typical spinetorum has never been recorded from the County. Rather abundant in its season on Laguna Mountains, and has been taken at Julian and Cuyamaca Lake.

Mitoura nelsoni Boisduval

Nelson’s Hair-streak

Three specimens from Cuyapipe Canyon, Laguna Mountains, and a small series from Palomar, all taken in June, seem to be this species. I have seen no others from this locality, but there seems to be no reason why the species, or a form of it, should not be found here.

Mitoura nelsoni ab. exoleta Henry Edwards

A small series answering to the description of aberration exoleta a variety in which the whole lower surface of the wings is immaculate and of a "dull chestnut brown" color, has been taken on Palomar Mountain.

Mitoura loki Skinner

Skinner’s Hair-streak

Loki is probably closely allied to M. Siva or is a form of that species. It occurs only in the juniper belt from Jacumba, the type locality, northward. Not very plentiful in this County. The type was taken in July, but the season probably begins about the middle of June.

Incisalia iroides Boisduval

Western Elfin

This is one of the earliest butterflies in San Diego County. I have taken them near the coast as early as February. They are usually fairy abundant in the mountains in June.

Incisalia eryphon Boisduval

Western Banded Elfin

It has never been my privilege to take a specimen of this species but my friend, George H. Field, tells me it has been taken on the Laguna Mountains in recent years. As the larvae food-plant is believed to be pine, and there is a decided pine belt on these and other mountains in the County, it should be taken here.

Callophrys dumetorum Boisduval

Bramble Hair-streak

On hillsides and low elevations dumetorum makes its appearance rather early-March and April. Its rather slow habit of flying makes it easy of capture. It has been taken abundantly on the slopes toward the sea on Pt. Loma and on the hill tops farther east, at least to Flynn Springs.

Callophrys dumetorum perplexa Barnes & Benjamin

Perplexing Hair-streak

This is a race of the preceding species and is found to be quite common about the City. It will be known by the entire absence of white spots on the under side of the wings or by simply a suggestion of the spots on the secondaries

Subfamily CHRYSOPHANINAE

Tharsalea virginiensis Edwards

Nevada Copper

Specimens in the collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History taken near Jacumba, San Diego County, and a series in the collection of George H. Field, taken at Warner’s Hot Springs, are undoubtedly virginiensis. This note will extend the range of this species as the latest published records state that it occurs from "northeastern California to Colorado." The larval food plant is known to be wild currant and gooseberry both of which are common in this County.

Tharsalea hermes Edwards

Hermes Copper

In late May, all of June and early July, the canyons leading into Mission Valley near San Diego are inhabited by a number of very interesting species, among them hermes. Its beautiful combination of brown and yellow makes it a veritable fairy and gives untold joy to the collector fortunate enough to get one. Its trysting places are being rapidly taken over by realtors and the species may soon become extinct, unless colonies yet undiscovered are located in other regions. I am told that Chris Henne, of Los Angeles County, captured specimens in the vicinity of Ensenada, Mexico, which seems to indicate that we are on the northern extremity of its range.

Heodes gorgon Boisduval

Gorgon Copper

While gorgon is reputed to be of State-wide distribution and has been taken in this County, it is apparently quite rare here. Some years ago it was known to be established in the Morena Dam region, but not in anything like large numbers. It was taken in association with the next species.

Heodes xanthoides Boisduval

Great Copper

Very common throughout the foothills and mountain districts. Every meadow will produce them in considerable numbers.

Heodes helloides Boisduval

Purplish Copper

Almost any moist meadow land from sea coast to mountain top has a colony of helloides. It is easily captured and may usually be taken in large numbers.

Subfamily LYCAENINAE

Leptotes marina Reakirt

Marine Blue

A very dainty little creature, rather difficult to capture because of its swift, darting flight. It is partial to the bloom of alfalfa and the common deer weed (Lotus scoparius) and is to be found everywhere within our region.

Brephidium exilis Boisduval

Pigmy Blue

This said to be the smallest American butterfly. It may be found throughout the County wherever the so-called Australian salt grass (Atriplex semi-baccata) is to be found. Very abundant along the bay shores and on hillsides and mesas throughout the City and the County.

Brephidium exilis ab. coolidgei Gunder

Coolidge’s Aberrant Blue

A single specimen of exilis is in the collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History, in which the characteristic marks of the typical species are absent in large measure. Above, the specimen has the same appearance as B. Exilis, but beneath, practically all the marks are either absent altogether or greatly accented.

On the primaries beneath, the terminal line of white spots is much more conspicuous than in the type. The rest of the wing is the same as that of the typical species in general color, but the white cross lines and striations are entirely absent. On the underside of the secondaries the marginal row of black spots is reduced from six in number to four and the white band in which they are situated is much wider and more brilliant. The three black dots near the base of the wing are transformed into three black dashes, broad and conspicuous, lying parallel with the veins, no other marks appearing. J.D. Gunder has called this form aberration coolidgei.

Heriargus gyas Edwards

Edwards’ Blue

During June, 1926, the writer took large numbers of this Blue in the meadows about Laguna Lake, Laguna Mountains. It was the most plentiful species present at the time. The species occurs everywhere in the County.

100. Hemiargus isola Reakirt

Reakirt’s Blue

George H. Field reports this species as occurring in Jacumba in July.

101. Everes amyntula Boisduval

Western Tailed Blue

This is the only Blue in this region that sports a tail on the secondaries. Wherever the so-called loco weed (Astragalus leucopsis) is found, there amyntula plays in its season.

Plebejus melissa Edwards

Orange-Margined Blue

In the female of this species both wings are margined with a line of orange-colored lobules joined to form a continuous band. This band is also present as a line of spots on the underside of the wings in both sexes. It is very common in low places where vetch grows; also sweet clover is very attractive to it. In 1902 a colony was discovered in an area now covered by waters of Morena Reservoir, in which the individuals were so numerous that in the cool of the evening they hung on the grass like azure pendants.

Plebejus saepiolus Boisduval

Greenish Blue

Saepiolus occurs on Palomar Mountain at Bailey’s and in its season, could probably be taken in some numbers. The species has many variants. The specimens under consideration may prove to be form hilda.

Plebejus saepiolus rufescens Boisduval

Rufescent Blue

This is a dark female form of saepiolus and is rare. Only one specimen of record has ever been taken in this County. On Palomar Mountain several years ago. However, it is likely to occur at any time wherever saepiolus is found.

Plebejus saepiolus hilda Grinnell

Hilda Blue

A relatively rare race found only in the southern part of California at high elevations. Palomar Mountain produced the specimen in the collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History and they were taken at Bailey’s in July.

Plebejus icarioides ab. daedalus Behr

Daedalus Blue

A comparatively rare form of the typical species. The writer has taken it at Dulzura. It is very likely that it may occur through the higher elevations in this County.

107. Plebejus icariodes evius Boisduval

Evius Blue

Frequently found in the mountains in considerable numbers. Very plentiful on the Lagunas during June, 1926, where it was found frequently on the blooms of the lupine.

Plebejus pheres Boisduval

Pheres Blue

Examples are in the collection of George H. Field bearing pheres label that were taken on Cuyamaca Mountain in the vicinity of Cuyamaca Lake.

Plebejus acmon Westwood & Hewitson

Acmon Blue

One of the earliest and latest of our Blues. Abundant everywhere. Has many varieties due to elevation, flora and climate.

Plebejus acmon cottlei Grinnell

Cottle’s Blue

This is a spring form of acmon in which the orange band on the secondaries is somewhat wider than in typical acmon and the blue of the upperside is richer in tint. The ground color beneath is a darker grey than in typical acmon. A series from Henshaw Dam taken in early spring is thus designated.

Plebejus acmon ab. kelseyi W.S. Wright new aberration

Kelsey’s Blue

The description of aberrations we believe is not to be encouraged to any great extent, but when a form appears that seemingly has no explainable reason for being, one feels fairly safe in adding a new name. Such is the case here.

The specimen under consideration was taken along with a large series of perfectly normal examples. It has an expanse of only 16.5mm. In color above, it is a normal male with only a trace of the orange red color on the secondaries (probably due to the remarkably small size) and with the black spots much reduced. Beneath, all wings are light gray and immaculate but for a normal row of dots in the space between veins 4 and 5 and at the apex. The most prominent feature of this form is the immaculism of the underside of the wings. The form approaches labecula Watson and W.P. Comstock, an aberration of cottlei. I have given the name of kelseyi as a courtesy to my friend Prof. F. W. Kelsey. Who presented me with many interesting specimens in all orders.

Plebejus monticola Clemence

Clemence’s Blue

Dr. J. A. Comstock makes this species a form of acmon, but I am holding to the classification of Barnes and Benjamin. It is fairly common in the higher elevations throughout the County, characterized by large size and lustrous quality of the blue. An interesting capture at any time.

Philotes battoides bernardino Barnes & McDunnough

San Bernardino Blue

Bernardino is a very common throughout the County during June and July. It is fond of the flowers of the wild buckwheat (Eriogonum). There seem to be several local varieties, some of which may deserve names when further collections bring enough specimens together to render close study possible.

Philotes sonorensis Felder & Felder

Sonora Blue

Not a common insect in this County although, when located, a colony may consist of many hundreds of individuals. Point Loma, in the vicinity of the Bennington Monument, supports a colony, and other smaller ones are to be found at La Jolla and near Encanto. It is an exquisite little insect and may be considered a prized well worth a long, hard trip.

Phaedrotes piasus Boisduval

Arrow-head Blue

"Butterflies of the West Coast" figures this species as sagittigera and it doubtless rests in many collections under this name. The only records for this County are from a point about three miles west of Henshaw Dam, in the San Luis Rey River Valley, where it was found feeding on a species of lupine.

Glaucopsyche lygdamus australis Grinnell

Southern Blue

This beautiful insect may usually be found in March in the canyons near San Diego. The males are deep blue above, the females more or less dark brown on the outer third of the wings. Beneath they are gray, with a series of small black spots encircled with white. It is also common among the foothills in early spring.

Superfamily HESPERIOIDEA

Family HESPERIIDAE

Subfamily URBANINAE

Polygonus lividus arizonensis Skinner

Skinner’s Arizona Skipper

John C. Fortiner has three specimens of this interesting species taken several years ago on lantana bushes in Balboa Park, San Diego. We have never seen it in this County, but there is no reason what it should not occur in abundance.

Epargyreus tityrus Fabricius

Silver-spotted Skipper

Rather rare in this County but has been taken in the City and at Henshaw Dam. It is a rapid flier and difficult to capture.

Goniurus proteus Linnaeus

Long-tailed Skipper

Proteus makes it appearance in the City periodically. It is common about gardens when it is found. Never abundant. The larvae feed on beans, hence it may be of economic importance.

120. Thorybes mexicana Herrick-Schaeffer

Mexican Dusky-wing

A fairly good series of this Skipper was taken on Laguna Mountains during June, 1926. It is probably found also in other places of similar elevation.

Urbanus ruralis Boisduval

Two-banded Skipper

One specimen taken on Palomar Mountain in July seems to represent this species. It is, however,

somewhat lighter in color than more northerly captures.

Urbanus tessellata occidentalis Skinner

Western Checkered Skipper

A very common Skipper occurring throughout the County from tide-water to mountain top at all times of the year except during the winter months.

Urbanus ericetorum Boisduval

Large White Skipper

While the collector naturally looks for this active fellow only in the higher altitudes of the County, it is not uncommon at sea level. There has been a considerable colony in Mahogany Canyon on the eastern edge of the City for a number of years.

Antigonus pulverulenta R. Felder

Powered Skipper

Frank Stephens has taken examples of this species at La Puerta on the western edge of the desert in March. Not common at any point where known.

Pholisora libya Scudder

Mojave Sooty-wing

It is not uncommon to take libya during March on the edge of the desert. La Puerta is a good place to look for it.

Pholisora catullus Fabricius

Sooty-wing

A few specimens were taken at the west entrance to San Felipe Rancho in the early spring of 1926. This is a very widely distributed species, occurring in practically all temperate regions of North America.

Erynnis lacustra W.G. Wright

Wright’s Dusky-wing

John C. Fortiner tells me he has taken lacustra in some numbers on the Laguna Mountains at an elevation of approximately 6000 ft. Dr. J.A. Comstock states in "Butterflies of California" that it is recorded from widely separated areas of high altitudes in the south; so it should occur here.

Erynnis persius afranius Lintner

Afranius Dusky-wing

Very abundant in the higher altitudes about damp locations. Occurs sparingly in the vicinity of San Diego, principally in Mission Valley.

Erynnis juvenalis Fabricius

Juvenal’s Dusky-wing

Dr. Comstock states, in "Butterflies of California," that there is some doubts as to the occurrence of juvenalis in California, but the writer has taken it (identified by the late Dr. Henry Skinner) in almost every association in San Diego County.

Erynnis propertius Scudder & Burgess

Propertius Dusky-wing

The Dusky-wings are very difficult to separate, so that microscopic anatomical diagnosis is almost necessary for correct determination. A long series of the previous species is sure to show some individuals that answer to the description of the present one, so it is included here. George H. Field has it from Volcan Mountain taken in July and identified by the late Dr. Henry Skinner.

Erynnis tristis Boisduval

Mournful Dusky-wing

We have made no microscopic anatomical studies among the Skippers, hence no positive identifications are given. San Diego County is included in the general region inhabited by tristis

And we have examples that answer in a superficial way, at least, to this species, so it is here included.

Erynnis funeralis Scudder & Burgess

Funereal Dusky-wing

The species of Dusky-wing having a white fringe on the secondaries that is taken in San Diego and immediate vicinity is undoubtedly funeralis. It is fairly abundant from early spring to late summer.

Subfamily HESPERIINAE

Copaeodes aurantiaca Hewitson.

Hewitson’s Skipper

It is said that this species frequents the desert areas, but it may be found almost anywhere in the County. Specimens have been taken at tide-water and also at an elevation of 6000 ft. It is not common anywhere.

Pseudocopaeodes eunus Edwards

Eunus Skipper

A colony of this species exists at Jacumba and may be taken there during July and August. Specimens in our collection were collected by J.D. Gunder on a species of aster growing in a meadow close to the international boundary. The writer took a single specimen in the same locality the year following Mr. Gunder’s captures. Probably a very rare species in this County.

Hesperia columbia Scudder

Columbia Skipper

George H. Field obtained examples of this species from San Miguel Mountain, April 15, 1914. The collection was made near Cockatoo Grove.

Hesperia juba Scudder

Juba Skipper

This species, together with other near relatives, is a puzzle to the amateur and likely to give a lot of trouble. Examples in the collection of George H. Field have been given this name by experts, so we include it in our list. It is a common resident of the highest altitudes in July.

Hesperia viridis Edwards

Green Skipper

This is in the same class with the preceding species and may give some difficulty in identification. However, it is common in the Laguna Mountains and should be found at all similar elevations throughout the County.

Hylephia phylaeus Drury

Fiery Skipper

In San Diego this is the most abundant of all the Skippers. Every grass patch teems with them during the summer.

Ochlodes sylvanoides Boisduval

Woodland Skipper

We have a very good series taken on the Laguna Mountains during June, 1926, and there is no doubt that it occurred on the mountains and higher hills to the north as well. A single specimen was captured in Balboa Park in 1928.

Ochlodes nemorum Boisduval

Forest Skipper

Nemorum occurs in the same association as the preceding species and has been taken in the City of San Diego.

Polites sabuleti Boisduval

Sandhill Skipper

A very common Skipper on lawns throughout the City and in grassy spots in canyons leading into Mission Valley. It probably occurs in favorable localities in the back country.

Polites sabuleti comstocki Gunder

Desert Sandhill Skipper

To quote from "Butterflies of California" by Dr. John Adams Comstock: This is a desert race of sabuleti. In this form the spots and light yellow streaks on the underside of the secondaries are so faint as to give the appearance of a clear yellow surface." Mr. Gunder tells me that he has taken it at Jacumba in this County.

Atalopedes campestris Boisduval

Field Skipper

The males of this species are distinguished by the presence of a large oval black gland on the disk of the primaries. Common about low, swampy places in the mountains.

Atrytone vestris Boisduval

Dun Skipper

A specimen of this species rests in George H. Field’s collection, having been captured at the "head of Potrero grade, " near Potrero.

Lerodea eufala Edwards

Eufala Skipper

This species has been recorded from San Diego County at the foot of Cottonwood grade. More plentiful along the edge of the desert

Prenes errans Skinner

Wandering Skipper

A very common Skipper along the water-front from San Diego to San Onofre in July and August.

Family MEGATHYMIDAE

Megathymus yuccae navajo Skinner

Navajo Skipper

A race of M. Yuccae has been taken sparingly in Mahogany Canyon on the eastern edge of the City and it may occur in other parts of the County, since its food plant-one of the yuccas-is abundant throughout this region. We believe this to be the race navajo.

Megathymus stephensi Skinner

Stephen’s Skipper

A rare butterfly in collections, but rather abundant in its habitat near La Puerta on the edge of the desert. It is on the wing from July to October and is very difficult to capture because of its rapid, darting flight.

Species and Forms of Possible Occurrence But Not Yet of Record

Pieris rapae novangliae Scudder

Tinted Cabbage White

While this form has never been recorded from California it may appear at any time in our higher altitudes. Specimens that approach it in depth of the yellow tinting on the upper surface have been taken in this County.

Euchloe creusa lotta Beutenmuller

Southern Marble

This form has been reported from the Coachella Valley and it would seem that it might occur in similar habitat in the northeastern part of this County.

Cercyonis silvestris paulus Edwards

Little Satyr

The dominant Cercyonis in this region is silvestris, but through errors in identification years ago, it has been rather widely distributed as paulus, which is only a race of silvestris and is said not to occur here. Specimens approaching this race may be taken in this County.

Euptoieta hegesia Cramer

Mexican Fritillary

This is a Mexican species and has been taken in California. However, our proximity to the border makes for many possibilities, so that collectors should be on the lookout for it.

Euphydryas chalcedona Doubleday & Hewitson

ab. fusimacula Barnes

ab. suprafusa J.A. Comstock

ab. fusisecunda J.A. Comstock

ab. mariana Barnes

ab.supranigrella J.A. Comstock

ab.omniluteofuscus Gunder

ab. hemiluteofucus Gunder

All of the above named aberrations of the Chalcedon Checker-spot have been given appropriate English names by Dr. J.A. Comstock in his recent book. No localities are given for their occurrence but, since the typical species is common in this County and since its habitat here is subject to temperature and altitudinal changes that are likely to produce such varied forms in a species so plastic as chalcedona,we may expect to find one or more of these aberrations here at any time.

Eupphyryas quino augusta Edwards

Augusta Checker-spot

For many years the editha of this County was known and distributed as augusta, but recent publications have restricted the latter to the San Bernardino region. However, we have a feeling that close collecting in the higher altitudes bordering the desert may reveal a colony of this comparatively rare form.

Melitaea gabbii Behr

ab. newcombi J.A. Comstock

ab. gunderi J.A. Comstock

ab. pasadenae Gunder

None of these aberrations have so far been taken in this County, but there is reason to believe that one or more of them may turn up at any time, since gabbii is one of the most abundant Checker-spot found here.

Melitaea leanira wrightii Edwards

ab. cerrita W.G. Wright

ab. carolynae Gunder

These two aberrations of Wright’s Checkerspot may occur at any time, so collectors should be on the lookout for them.

Phyciodes campestris Behr

Field Crescent

According to Dr. J.A. Comstock this species occurs in all parts of the State, hence it should occur here. Collectors are asked to keep a sharp lookout for examples in moist meadows.

Chlosyne lacina Geyer

Bordered Patch

Dr. Comstock tells us that this species does not occur in typical form north of the Mexican line. The specimens that are occasionally taken in Imperial Valley and adjacent desert areas are probably C.I. adjutrix Scudder. Crocale has been taken at La Puerta and since the species is a very plastic one, lacina itself might occur on the eastern edge of the County. The following color forms are also likely to occur-rufescens Edwards and nigrescens Cockerell.

Chlosyne californica ab. chinoi Gunder

Chino Patch

This form was collected at Palm Springs not very far north of San Diego County and might also occur in this County, since similar conditions prevail in the northeast corner.

Libythea bachmanii Kirtland

Snout Butterfly

Not yet recorded from the County, but has been taken in Imperial County and may be discovered in the Laguna Mountain district.

Apodemia mormo Felder and Felder

Mormon Metal-mark

At least one good race of this species has been recorded in this County-virgulti Behr, near the Mexican border, and deserti Barnes & McDunnough in the desert areas on the eastern edge of the County.

Strymon saepium Boisduval

Hedge-row Hair-streak

At least two good forms of this species have been recorded. Chlorophora Watson & W.P. Comstock is known to occur here and, while there are no definite records of the typical species in this region, there seems to be no good reason why it should not be found. The form fulvescens Henry Edwards may also occur here. The points of difference are well shown on Plate 49 of Comstock’s "Butterflies of California."

Mitoura siva juniperaria J.A. Comstock

Juniper Hair-streak

Specimens approaching this race have been taken in the juniper belt and there seem to be possibilities worth investigation along the eastern edge of the County.

Tharsalea arota Boisduval

Arota Copper

Arota is found in practically all parts of the State and should be found here. If it is, it may prove to be the race T. Nubila J.A. Comstock, which is described as the southern form of Arota.

Heodes xanthoides luctuosa Watson & W.P. Comstock

Mourning-garbed Copper

While this race was named from specimens collected in the central part of the State-Tehachapi Pass-it may also occur in the higher altitudes of San Diego County.

Philotes sonorensis ab. sonoralba Watson & W.P. Comstock

Philotes sonorensis comstocki Gunder

Both of these insects are likely to occur here. The variations from typical sonorensis are well shown in figures on Plate 56, "Butterflies of California," Comstock.

Poanes melane Edwards

Umber Skipper

Further collecting in the wooded areas of the County may produce this species. It is known to be common in parts of southern California.

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